3rd Block
Kuleema Kuteh
A look into anatomy and physiology: Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. ... Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones
How it all began...
Chemical Level - Hydrogen atoms , Oxygen atom Chemical level atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures.
Cellular level - A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell .
Tissue level - A community of similar cells form a body tissue .
Organ Level - Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ .
Organ System Level - Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system .
Organismal Level - many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism .
Survival Needs
- Air
- Water
- Food
- Shelter
- Sanitation
- Touch
- Sleep
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Positive/Negative Feedback
Positive - Childbirth & Ovulation
Negative - Body temperature , Body Shivers , Body Sweats , Body temperature drops
12 Organ Systems
- The Respiratory System - A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
2 .The Circulatory System - a vast network of organs and blood vessels that acts both as a delivery and waste removal system for the body.
3. The Nervous System - a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body.
4. The Digestive System - involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
5 . The Endocrine System - a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.
6 . The Reproductive System - a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating .
7 . The Lymphatic System - a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials.
8 . The Muscular System - an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
9 . The Immune System - immune system is responsible for distinguishing an animal's native tissues from foreign bodies and pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and for mobilizing immune responses, whereby various cells, proteins, and enzymes are manufactured by the body to destroy the invaders.
10 . The Skeletal System - a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect the bones together.
11 . The Urinary System - produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.
12 . The Integumentary System - consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves.
Anatomical Directions
Superior/Inferior– Equivalent to above and below when moving along the long axis of a body in anatomical position. The structure that is superior to another is above the second structure when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is inferior to another is below the second feature when the body is in anatomical position.
Proximal/Distal– Equivalent to near and far. Usually used to orient the positions of structures and features along the limbs with respect to the trunk of the body. A feature that is proximal to something else is closer to the limb’s point of attachment to the trunk. A structure that is distal to something else is farther away from the limb’s point of attachment. Less precisely but still occasionally used in the trunk of the body itself to indicate whether something is closer to (proximal) or farther away from (distal) something else.
Medial/Lateral– Equivalent to towards the middle or towards the edge. Used with respect to the mid-line of the trunk of a body in anatomical position. A structure that medial to another is closer to the mid-line of the body’s trunk. A feature that is lateral to another is farther away from the mid-line of the trunk.
Anterior/Posterior– Equivalent to the front and back of a body in anatomical position. A structure that is anterior to another is closer to the front of the body when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is posterior to another is closer to the back of the body when the body is in anatomical position.
Ventral/Dorsal– Equivalent to belly-side and back-side of a body in anatomical position. For a human in anatomical position, this pair of terms is equivalent to anterior and posterior. However, for four-legged animals in what is considered their anatomical position, the belly-side is not equivalent to the front of the animal. A structure that is ventral to another is closer to the belly-side of the body. A feature that is dorsal to another is closer to the back of the body.
Superficial/Deep– Equivalent to closer to the surface and farther from the surface.
Cephalic/Caudal– Equivalent to closer to the head and closer to the tail. This is more useful for four-legged animals with tails than for upright humans with only a vestigial tail.
The Three Primary Body Planes
5 major cavities
1 . Cranial cavity - Housing the brain and the pituitary glad
2 . Spinal cavity - Housing the spinal cord
3. Thoracic cavity - Housing the lungs
4 . Abdominal cavity - Housing the major digestive organs
5 . Pelvic cavity - Housing the urinary and reproductive organs
Major Regions of The Body
The Axial Region - Runs right down the center (axis) and consists of everything except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis.
The Appendicular Region - Is divided into six major regions: Shoulder girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2). Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
The 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Cecum
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Urinary Bladder
- Diaphragm
- Descending Colon
- Sigmoid Colon
- Muscle
- epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
The Muscular system
How does the muscular system work with other systems:
The muscular system works hand in hand with the skeletal system to provide movement in the body. It attaches to the bones and allows us to move our skeletal muscles. The muscular systems also works with the circulatory system because it carries blood to the muscles.
Gross Anatomy of Muscular System:
The 3 main types of Muscles
- Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscles are muscles connected to the skeletal system to help make movement possible. Skeletal muscle allows voluntary muscles- which means it only moves when you tell it too.. YOU ARE IN CONTROL.
2. Smooth Muscle: This type of muscle is found in your internal organs; the liver, stomach, kidney, heart, etc. The contractile fibers are NOT highly ordered.
3. Cardiac Muscle: This this type of muscle is found in the heart (i.e cardio). This type of muscle is only found in your heart and it allows your to contract making it possible for blood to be pumped throughout your body.
The muscular system (Continued)
Muscle Fatigue: According to the medical dictionary, muscle fatigue is "A state of exhaustion or loss of strength and/or muscle endurance following strenuous activity associated with the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles."
Oxygen debt is when the body goes into its "extra oxygen tank" because you've used the all of your ready to use oxygen in some type of strenuous activity- most likely exercise. Your body then has to turn lactic acid into glucose.
Disease with the Muscular System:
Myasthenia Gravis: A condition that makes your muscles weak.
Symptoms: Weakness
Long/ short term effects: Trouble walking, droopy eyelids, double vision, and trouble talking.
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Integumentary System
The primary system: To protect the body the body from outside invaders, protect the internal organs, and regulate body temperature.
Layers of the Skin:
Epidermis: This is the outer most layer of then skin. This is the layer of skin that everyone can see. The epidermis has 5 sublayers which are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucdim and the stratum cornuem.
Dermis:
This layer is located beneath the epidermis and houses the main ingredients of the skin, including; blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and more important structures.
Hypodermis:
The hypodermis is more or less the "cell house" of the skin. It houses fibroblasts, adipose tissue (fat cells), connective tissue, larger nerves and blood vessels. It also keeps the invaders out of your body.
Major Parts of the Skin:
Pacinian Gland: An onion like shaped layer around nerve endings that serve as sensors.
Sebaceous gland: The gland that produces sweat.
How it works with other systems:
The integumentary system works with the endocrine system because they both produce glands but just in different ways. The integumentary system also works closely with the digestive system because it synthesizes vitamin D.
Disease:
What is it?:
Vitiligo is a disease where the skin looses pigmentation, parts of the skin that are affected may appear a lighter color than the rest of the skin and may completely lack melanin.
Symptoms: Light spots appear throughout the skin, colors may change in and around the mouth.
Long and Short term effects: Loss of melanin
Treatments : You can take medication that may restore pigmentation or do skin grafting.
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Types of Burns
Skeletal System
Primary Functions
- The skeletal system gives shape and support to you're body .
- Bones protect you're internal organs .
- Major muscles are attached to bone and help them move .
- Blood cells are formed in the center of many bones in the soft tissue called marrow .
- Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in the skeleton for later use
4 Different Bone Types
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
Visual Diagram
Example of Joints
Diagram of Long Bone
Description of Long Bone
Rest of Skeletal System
Different types of Fractures:
- Simple: A simple fracture is when your bone breaks but does not break through the skin.
- Compound Fracture: Is a very similar to a simple structure but breaks through the epidermis.
- Oblique Fracture: A fracture that runs diagonally through your bone and forms an "oblique" angle.
- Transverse Fracture: This happens when the point of impact is at the right angle of the bone.
- Spiral Fracture: When the bone is spun around in a "spiral" shape.
- Linear Fracture : Bone is fractured in parallel line.
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Process of Bone healing:
How it works with other systems:
The skeletal systems works with the muscular system to make movement possible. It also works with the circulatory system by providing protection in the use of the rib cage to the heart. Lastly, The skeletal system works with the nervous system by providing calcium and protecting the spine and brain.
Disease
Scoliosis: When your spine bends.
Symptoms: A curve in your back and slouching over while walking.
Long/ short term affects: Can be lifelong and prevent you from walking upright if not treated.
Treatments: Wearing a spine brace.
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https://www.abcya.com/games/skeletal_system
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Work Cited
Works Cited
“Scoliosis”. MedlinePlus, U.S National Library of Medicine, 22 October 2019, Https://medlineplus.gov/scoliosis.html.
DerSarkissian, Carol. “Treating Pain Caused By Burns : 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Degree.” WebMD,
WebMD, 25 April 2019,
https://www.wedmd.com/pain-management/guide/pain-caused-by-burns
“Types of Muscle Tissue; Medlineplus Medical”
Encyclopedia Image. Medlineplus, U.S. NAtional Library of Medicine
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagespages/19841.htm.
“A Quick Start on Anatomical Directions” John Hawks Weblog,
http://johnhawks.net/explainer/laboratory/anatomical-directions.html.
Mayer, Melissa. “Body Systems and Their Functions.” Sciencing, 2 March 2019
https://sciencing.com/body-systems-functions-5192859.html.
