How it all began...
Levels of organization of Human Body
Chemical Level - Hydrogen atoms , Oxygen atom Chemical level atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures.
Cellular level - A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell .
Tissue level - A community of similar cells form a body tissue .
Organ Level - Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ .
Organ System Level - Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system .
Organismal Level - many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism .
Survival Needs
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Positive/Negative Feedback
Positive - Childbirth & Ovulation
Negative - Body temperature , Body Shivers , Body Sweats , Body temperature drops
12 Organ Systems
2 .The Circulatory System - a vast network of organs and blood vessels that acts both as a delivery and waste removal system for the body.
3. The Nervous System - a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body.
4. The Digestive System - involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
5 . The Endocrine System - a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.
6 . The Reproductive System - a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating .
7 . The Lymphatic System - a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials.
8 . The Muscular System - an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
9 . The Immune System - immune system is responsible for distinguishing an animal's native tissues from foreign bodies and pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and for mobilizing immune responses, whereby various cells, proteins, and enzymes are manufactured by the body to destroy the invaders.
10 . The Skeletal System - a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect the bones together.
11 . The Urinary System - produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.
12 . The Integumentary System - consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves.
Anatomical Directions
Superior/Inferior– Equivalent to above and below when moving along the long axis of a body in anatomical position. The structure that is superior to another is above the second structure when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is inferior to another is below the second feature when the body is in anatomical position.
Proximal/Distal– Equivalent to near and far. Usually used to orient the positions of structures and features along the limbs with respect to the trunk of the body. A feature that is proximal to something else is closer to the limb’s point of attachment to the trunk. A structure that is distal to something else is farther away from the limb’s point of attachment. Less precisely but still occasionally used in the trunk of the body itself to indicate whether something is closer to (proximal) or farther away from (distal) something else.
Medial/Lateral– Equivalent to towards the middle or towards the edge. Used with respect to the mid-line of the trunk of a body in anatomical position. A structure that medial to another is closer to the mid-line of the body’s trunk. A feature that is lateral to another is farther away from the mid-line of the trunk.
Anterior/Posterior– Equivalent to the front and back of a body in anatomical position. A structure that is anterior to another is closer to the front of the body when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is posterior to another is closer to the back of the body when the body is in anatomical position.
Ventral/Dorsal– Equivalent to belly-side and back-side of a body in anatomical position. For a human in anatomical position, this pair of terms is equivalent to anterior and posterior. However, for four-legged animals in what is considered their anatomical position, the belly-side is not equivalent to the front of the animal. A structure that is ventral to another is closer to the belly-side of the body. A feature that is dorsal to another is closer to the back of the body.
Superficial/Deep– Equivalent to closer to the surface and farther from the surface.
Cephalic/Caudal– Equivalent to closer to the head and closer to the tail. This is more useful for four-legged animals with tails than for upright humans with only a vestigial tail.
The Three Primary Body Planes
5 major cavities
1 . Cranial cavity - Housing the brain and the pituitary glad
2 . Spinal cavity - Housing the spinal cord
3. Thoracic cavity - Housing the lungs
4 . Abdominal cavity - Housing the major digestive organs
5 . Pelvic cavity - Housing the urinary and reproductive organs
Major Regions of The Body
The Axial Region - Runs right down the center (axis) and consists of everything except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis.
The Appendicular Region - Is divided into six major regions: Shoulder girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2). Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
The 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
Chemical Level - Hydrogen atoms , Oxygen atom Chemical level atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures.
Cellular level - A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell .
Tissue level - A community of similar cells form a body tissue .
Organ Level - Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ .
Organ System Level - Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system .
Organismal Level - many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism .
Survival Needs
- Air
- Water
- Food
- Shelter
- Sanitation
- Touch
- Sleep
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=body+systems&view=detail&mid=16F24A7B35C3DA07880416F24A7B35C3DA078804&FORM=VIRE
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Positive/Negative Feedback
Positive - Childbirth & Ovulation
Negative - Body temperature , Body Shivers , Body Sweats , Body temperature drops
12 Organ Systems
- The Respiratory System - A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
2 .The Circulatory System - a vast network of organs and blood vessels that acts both as a delivery and waste removal system for the body.
3. The Nervous System - a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body.
4. The Digestive System - involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
5 . The Endocrine System - a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.
6 . The Reproductive System - a collection of internal and external organs in both males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating .
7 . The Lymphatic System - a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials.
8 . The Muscular System - an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
9 . The Immune System - immune system is responsible for distinguishing an animal's native tissues from foreign bodies and pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and for mobilizing immune responses, whereby various cells, proteins, and enzymes are manufactured by the body to destroy the invaders.
10 . The Skeletal System - a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect the bones together.
11 . The Urinary System - produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.
12 . The Integumentary System - consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves.
Anatomical Directions
Superior/Inferior– Equivalent to above and below when moving along the long axis of a body in anatomical position. The structure that is superior to another is above the second structure when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is inferior to another is below the second feature when the body is in anatomical position.
Proximal/Distal– Equivalent to near and far. Usually used to orient the positions of structures and features along the limbs with respect to the trunk of the body. A feature that is proximal to something else is closer to the limb’s point of attachment to the trunk. A structure that is distal to something else is farther away from the limb’s point of attachment. Less precisely but still occasionally used in the trunk of the body itself to indicate whether something is closer to (proximal) or farther away from (distal) something else.
Medial/Lateral– Equivalent to towards the middle or towards the edge. Used with respect to the mid-line of the trunk of a body in anatomical position. A structure that medial to another is closer to the mid-line of the body’s trunk. A feature that is lateral to another is farther away from the mid-line of the trunk.
Anterior/Posterior– Equivalent to the front and back of a body in anatomical position. A structure that is anterior to another is closer to the front of the body when the body is in anatomical position. A feature that is posterior to another is closer to the back of the body when the body is in anatomical position.
Ventral/Dorsal– Equivalent to belly-side and back-side of a body in anatomical position. For a human in anatomical position, this pair of terms is equivalent to anterior and posterior. However, for four-legged animals in what is considered their anatomical position, the belly-side is not equivalent to the front of the animal. A structure that is ventral to another is closer to the belly-side of the body. A feature that is dorsal to another is closer to the back of the body.
Superficial/Deep– Equivalent to closer to the surface and farther from the surface.
Cephalic/Caudal– Equivalent to closer to the head and closer to the tail. This is more useful for four-legged animals with tails than for upright humans with only a vestigial tail.
The Three Primary Body Planes
5 major cavities
1 . Cranial cavity - Housing the brain and the pituitary glad
2 . Spinal cavity - Housing the spinal cord
3. Thoracic cavity - Housing the lungs
4 . Abdominal cavity - Housing the major digestive organs
5 . Pelvic cavity - Housing the urinary and reproductive organs
Major Regions of The Body
The Axial Region - Runs right down the center (axis) and consists of everything except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis.
The Appendicular Region - Is divided into six major regions: Shoulder girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2). Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
The 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Cecum
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Urinary Bladder
- Diaphragm
- Descending Colon
- Sigmoid Colon
- Muscle
- epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
